সোমবার, ৫ আগস্ট, ২০১৩

Nissan's Infiniti aims for high-end auto status

Autos

2 hours ago

Johan De Nysschen, president of Infiniti Motor Motor Company, and Ben Poore, president of Infiniti Americas pose with the Infiniti.

CARLO ALLEGRI / REUTERS

Johan De Nysschen (L), president of Infiniti Motor Motor Company, and Ben Poore, president of Infiniti Americas, pose after announcing the new Q50 at the New York Auto Show in March.

With the launch of its new Q50 sedan, Infiniti is steering a new course as it tries to navigate out of the second-tier of luxury brands and take on better-known high-line marques like Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Lexus.

The Q50 replaces the old Infiniti G series and initiates an all-new alphanumeric naming strategy. It also introduces the world?s first steer-by-wire technology, among a variety of other high-tech features being added to the new sedan.

Whether potential buyers take to the new Direct Adaptive Steering system remains to be seen, and analysts warn that Infiniti risks serious confusion as it rebrands existing models to conform to the new nomenclature ? something that has caused serious problems for Honda?s Acura and Ford?s Lincoln when they also abandoned more familiar model names.

Read more: Ousted from Volvo, Jacoby Now Will Run GM's Vast International Empire?

?We know we?ll face challenges in the short-term but there are tremendous opportunities in the long-term,? said Robb Simmons, Infiniti?s senior marketing manager, during a media preview of the new Q50 line.

Nissan?s luxury division made its debut nearly a quarter-century ago, debuting almost simultaneously with Toyota?s Lexus brand. But Infiniti never quite got the traction of its Japanese rival, as analysts blamed product shortfalls and a curious ad campaign that focused on rocks and trees rather than the maker?s new vehicles.

Read more: Fuel-Saving Stop/Start Technology Migrating to the Masses?

Infiniti has gained some momentum, in recent years, with the entry-luxury G series, now its best-selling model line. But while volumes jumped 22 percent in 2012, to 119,877, that was barely half the U.S. total of luxury segment leaders. And Infiniti had virtually no presence outside the U.S. market.

Parent Nissan hopes to change that going forward. It recently reorganized Infiniti as a standalone entity, giving the luxury brand its own design and engineering operations as well as a new headquarters in Hong Kong ? where the brand will have a clear view of China. China is expected to become the world?s largest luxury market by decade?s end, according to various forecasts.

Read more: Ford Admits Delaying Recall, Pays $17 Mil Fine?

The maker also got a new boss, South African-born Johan de Nysschen, who won kudos during his time as head of the fast-growing U.S. subsidiary of Audi. ?My goal is to unlock the potential of this brand,? he told The Detroit Bureau during an interview, even if that means he has to ?challenge? the way Infiniti has traditionally done business.

Perhaps the biggest challenge comes from the decision to change the name of Infiniti?s current and future products. Passenger cars will be designated by a ?Q,? crossovers and light trucks getting a ?QX.?

Read more:?Toyota Earnings Nearly Double, Buoyed By Weak Yen, Even as Sales Slip?

The new Q50 reaching showrooms in August will be the first all-new model to take advantage of that shift. The sedan is slightly lower, longer and wider than the old G sedan, with a more distinctive grille, sculpted silhouette and the distinctive ?crescent? rear pillar first seen on the Infiniti JX ? which will be renamed the QX60 which isn?t to be confused with the old QX56 that becomes the QX80.

?There is a risk that the alphanumeric designation becomes a jumble in the minds of consumers,? analyst Joe Phillippi, of AutoTrends Consulting, warns, pointing to the sales stumbles both Acura and Lincoln experienced when they completely revised their own model nomenclatures.

Read more: Jaguar to Unveil 1st-Ever SUV

On the other hand, Phillippi says Acura could get through the challenge with new products that are solid and appealing. The real challenge will be finding a way to ?truly differentiate themselves from the rest of the luxury pack. They?ve never quite managed to catch fire and generate a substantial amount of enthusiasm for the brand.?

That?s where the Q50 comes in. The new model is part of the broader Nissan class-above strategy which aims to deliver vehicles that seem a bit more lavish and well-equipped than direct competitors ? here including such products as the BMW 3-Series and Mercedes C-Class. Introducing some cutting-edge technology is also part of the strategy.

Read more: Which Brands Will Cost You Most to Keep Fuel in the Tank??

The Q50?s optional Direct Adaptive Steering system makes it the world?s first production car equipped with steer-by-wire which replaces traditional mechanical linkage (though there?s a mechanical backup of power should fail). The system precisely reads driver inputs and, so Infiniti claims, can steer the wheels more quickly than a traditional system. In turn, electronic sensors pass road feel back to the driver ? though the three controllers have been designed to tune out unwanted harsh road inputs.

The steer-by-wire system has a lot of potential advantages and also permits the new Q50 to offer an optional lane-holding system that comes a step short of hands-free driving, a camera mounted at the top of the windshield looking for lane markers much like human eyes.

Infiniti officials promise the Q50 will be just one in a rapidly expanding line-up of products to debut over the next few years including one or more so-called ?halo? models designed to focus attention on the brand. The Nissan subsidiary also will add a range of new powertrains, such as the hybrid system in the Q50 that is meant to balance performance and fuel economy.

It?s an ambitious goal with potential pitfalls. Indeed, Infiniti officials confirmed last month they will indefinitely delay a luxury battery-electric vehicle based on the mainstream Nissan Leaf?s technology.

For his part, marketing chief Simmons says he?s confident Infiniti can roll out the product. The challenge will be ?to make consumers aware of us.? Compounding that challenge is Infiniti?s plan to become a truly global player.

Infiniti has spent more than two decades climbing into the middle of the pack. Challenging the established luxury leaders won?t come quick, both Simmons and de Nysschen agreeing they will need to push hard but maintain their patience. ?

Copyright ? 2009-2013, The Detroit Bureau

Source: http://feeds.nbcnews.com/c/35002/f/663286/s/2f8c072a/sc/15/l/0L0Snbcnews0N0Cbusiness0Cnissans0Einfiniti0Eaims0Ehigh0Eend0Eauto0Estatus0E6C10A8430A46/story01.htm

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রবিবার, ৪ আগস্ট, ২০১৩

Students face punishment for inappropriate Facebook, Twitter use

August 3, 2013, 4:50 p.m.

A Northern California? school district's attempt at stopping cyber-bullying is generating controversy.

Source: http://feeds.latimes.com/~r/lanowblog/~3/homEpGSfPeU/la-me-ln-students-face-punishment-for-inappropriate-facebook-twitter-use-20130803,0,3313298.story

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BART labor talks continue as planned strike looms

In this file photo from Monday, July 1, 2013, striking Bay Area Rapid Transit workers picket as they close the intersection of 14th & Broadway on Monday, July 1, 2013, in downtown Oakland, Calif. San Francisco Bay Area commuters braced for the possibility of another train strike as the Bay Area Rapid Transit agency and its workers approached a deadline to reach a new contract deal. The two sides were set to resume negotiations at noon on Thursday, Aug. 1, but did not appear close to an agreement. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

In this file photo from Monday, July 1, 2013, striking Bay Area Rapid Transit workers picket as they close the intersection of 14th & Broadway on Monday, July 1, 2013, in downtown Oakland, Calif. San Francisco Bay Area commuters braced for the possibility of another train strike as the Bay Area Rapid Transit agency and its workers approached a deadline to reach a new contract deal. The two sides were set to resume negotiations at noon on Thursday, Aug. 1, but did not appear close to an agreement. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

In this file photo from Monday, July 1, 2013, commuters wait in standstill traffic to pay their tolls on the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in Oakland, Calif. San Francisco Bay Area commuters braced for the possibility of another train strike as the Bay Area Rapid Transit agency and its workers approached a deadline to reach a new contract deal. The two sides were set to resume negotiations at noon on Thursday, Aug. 1, but did not appear close to an agreement. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

In this file photo from Tuesday, June 25, 2013, supporters of Bay Area Rapid Transit workers hold up signs at a news conference outside of the BART 24th Street Mission station in San Francisco. San Francisco Bay Area commuters braced for the possibility of another train strike as the Bay Area Rapid Transit agency and its workers approached a deadline to reach a new contract deal. The two sides were set to resume negotiations at noon on Thursday, Aug. 1, 2013, but did not appear close to an agreement. (AP Photo/Jeff Chiu)

(AP) ? Bay Area Rapid Transit managers and union leaders returned to the bargaining table Sunday in hopes of heading off a strike that would create traffic nightmares for San Francisco area commuters for the second time in a month.

Representatives from BART management and the agency's two largest employee unions negotiated for about 14 hours Saturday and resumed bargaining Sunday morning as a midnight deadline loomed.

Big differences remain on key issues including wages, pensions, worker safety and health care costs, but the parties expressed some optimism that an agreement could be reached to avert a strike planned for Monday.

"The parties made some important but incremental moves yesterday, and I hope to get to a deal," Josie Mooney, chief negotiator for the Service Employees International Union 1021, said Sunday before heading into negotiations. "If the parties work very hard, then it's certainly possible in the amount of time we have left."

"There was definitely movement from both sides," BART chief negotiator Thomas Hock said as he left negotiations late Saturday night. "Hopefully, if we keep moving, we will get to a proposal that both sides can agree to."

BART's two largest unions issued a 72-hour notice Thursday that employees would walk off the job if they didn't reach agreement on a new contract by midnight Sunday.

Bay Area agencies are preparing ways to get commuters to work if there's a strike, but officials say there's no way to make up for the BART system, which carries about 400,000 riders a day.

"BART really is the backbone of the transit network. No other transit agency has the ability to absorb BART's capacity if there's a disruption," said John Goodwin, spokesman for the Metropolitan Transportation Commission.

If there's a BART strike, transit agencies are planning to add bus and ferry service, keep carpool lanes open all day and even give away coffee gift cards to encourage drivers to pick up riders. They're also encouraging workers to avoid peak traffic hours or telecommute if possible.

When BART workers shut down train service for four days in early July, roadways were packed and commuters waited in long lines for buses and ferries. The unions agreed to call off that strike and extend their contracts until Sunday while negotiations continued.

A strike this week could lead to more gridlock than last month's strike, which came around the Fourth of July holiday when many workers were on vacation.

Bay Area and state officials have been pressuring BART managers and union leaders to reach an agreement this weekend, saying a strike would create financial hardship for working families and hurt the region's economy.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2013-08-04-BART%20Strike/id-88d1dc3e8d8145f7b82e8411d57c723d

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শনিবার, ৩ আগস্ট, ২০১৩

Time Warner Cable drops CBS in NY, LA, Dallas

LOS ANGELES (AP) ? Three million Time Warner Cable customers in New York, Los Angeles and Dallas lost access to CBS programming in a fee dispute Friday, threatening their ability to watch popular shows like "Under the Dome" or see Tiger Woods pursue his 8th win at the Firestone Country Club.

The nation's second largest cable operator said that CBS refused to have productive negotiations, which were repeatedly extended after their previous deal expired at the end of June.

As Friday's blackout stretched past a couple of hours, it appeared consumers would be caught in the crossfire for some time.

"It's become clear that no matter how much time we give them, they're not willing to come to reasonable terms," Time Warner Cable said.

Multiple stations that carry CBS programming in New York and Los Angeles were replaced around 2:15 p.m. Pacific time with a message from Time Warner Cable saying that CBS had "demanded an outrageous increase" in the fees it demands to carry its TV stations' signals.

CBS said it regretted Time Warner Cable's decision, calling it "ill-advised." The broadcaster said it asked for an extension, but that Time Warner Cable didn't agree to it.

Most of the cable subscribers affected live in New York, Los Angeles and Dallas, but customers in other markets also lost signals.

The CBS stations that went dark are WCBS and WLNY in New York; KCBS and KCAL in Los Angeles; KTVT and KTXA in Dallas; WBZ and WSBK in Boston; KDKA, WPCW-CW in Pittsburgh; KCNC in Denver; WKBD-CW in Detroit and WBBM in Chicago.

About 2.5 million Time Warner Cable customers also lost access to Showtime, the premium channel that carries shows such as "Dexter." TMC, FLIX and Smithsonian channels ? all owned by CBS Corp. ? also went dark.

In its message to subscribers, Time Warner Cable said it would replace the lost programming with shows from Starz Kids and Family temporarily.

The fight centers on the rising fees that TV station owners like CBS charge cable and satellite companies to retransmit their content. Research firm SNL Kagan estimates retransmission fees will reach $3 billion industrywide this year and double to $6 billion by 2018.

SNL Kagan analyst Robin Flynn said that figure could be revised upward soon as TV station groups merge to gain leverage at the bargaining table. For example, Tribune Co. announced plans to buy Local TV to form a group of 42 TV stations last month.

Earning revenue from pay TV subscribers is crucial to CBS's growth prospects, analysts say. Even though CBS sends its signal out over the airwaves for free to anyone with an antenna, about 85 percent of its viewers watch TV through a pay TV provider. Such fees ensure the company is not so reliant on advertising dollars, which rise and fall with the economy.

Meanwhile, Time Warner Cable is fighting to hold the line on costs as it struggles to keep subscribers. It lost 191,000 cable TV subscribers in the most recent quarter, ending with 11.7 million at the end of June.

Even as the dispute lingered on, both companies posted healthy quarterly earnings this week. Time Warner Cable grew its net income 6 percent to $481 million, or $1.64 per share, as revenue rose 3 percent to $5.6 billion.

CBS grew net income 11 percent to $472 million, or 76 cents per share. CBS's revenue also grew 11 percent to $3.7 billion thanks in large part to the fees that are in dispute with Time Warner Cable.

Jonathan Atkin, an analyst with RBC Capital Markets, said TV distributors are taking a stand because programming costs are going up about 10 percent this year, an increase that's too high to pass onto customers.

"They feel pressure when some of these cost drivers are going up the way they are," Atkin said. "They do need to show some teeth and try to negotiate something better."

He said the dispute would probably end quickly to avoid depriving customers of key sporting events, like the PGA Championship starting on Thursday. CBS also airs its first preseason NFL game Aug. 23.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/time-warner-cable-drops-cbs-ny-la-dallas-212652573.html

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Thai Princess meets Chinese FM on bilateral friendly relations

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Source: www.thailandnews.net --- Friday, August 02, 2013
Thai Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn on Friday held talks with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on bilateral friendly relations.The princess said the royal family of Thailand treasures the friendly ties between China and Thailand and bears deep in heart the profound friendship the Chinese government and people have shown to the Thai people.She called on the two nations to deepen friendly ties ... ...

Source: http://www.thailandnews.net/index.php/sid/216207395/scat/f90d16c28a9b5294

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শুক্রবার, ২ আগস্ট, ২০১৩

The Spectacular Now

Shailene Woodley and Miles Teller in The Spectacular Now.

Shailene Woodley and Miles Teller in The Spectacular Now

Courtesy of 21 Laps Entertainment

The high school coming-of-age movie has now been around for so long that it?s hard for each new example of the genre not to feel like a knowing gloss on every one that?s come before. So we have the high school movie gone noir (Brick), gone vampire (the Twilight series), gone comic-book gonzo (Kick-Ass). James Ponsoldt?s The Spectacular Now is remarkable for the ease with which it positions itself outside this arena of aggressively stylized self-differentiation.

If this film (adapted by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber from a novel by Tim Tharp) has an antecedent in the teen-movie universe, it?s Cameron Crowe?s 1989 classic Say Anything. That movie?s hero, Lloyd Dobler (John Cusack), a fast-talking charmer with a disinclination to ?buy anything, sell anything, or process anything as a career,? shares some DNA with this movie?s main character, the intelligent but unambitious party animal Sutter Keely (Miles Teller). But what really connects The Spectacular Now to Say Anything has less to do with the movies? content than with the way they both create specific, believable unstylized worlds full of teenagers who relate to one another not through the kabuki of high school social hierarchies (the nerd, the jock, the loser, the prom queen) but as individuals. Screwed-up, occasionally selfish individuals with lousy impulse control, to be sure, but in high school (and often thereafter), what other kind are there?

This movie?s human scale, its unaffected compassion for every one of its far-from-perfect characters, is what kept me on its side throughout. By the time the story veered into borderline sentimentality in the last scene or two?we?re not talking Nicholas Sparks-level sap, just a trace more than you?d expect in such an otherwise naturalistic romance?I was way past judging the movie for such a small infraction. I had already handed The Spectacular Now my heart. Appropriately enough, since this is a drama about the risk, and the value, of giving one?s heart away.

As we meet Sutter Keely, he?s a senior in high school in an unnamed small city (the film was shot in Athens, Ga.), taking a halfhearted stab at drafting a college admissions essay. The only ?formative experience? he can come up with to write about is his recent breakup with his girlfriend Cassidy (Brie Larson), who?s finally gotten fed up with his responsibility-dodging ways. After attempting to forget Cassidy with an all-night kegger-hopping bender, Sutter wakes up at dawn on the front lawn of Aimee Finicky (Shailene Woodley), a quiet, bookish classmate he barely knows. She drives him around town to find his missing car, he asks her for help with geometry?and gradually, with the ambivalent stop-start rhythm that characterizes real-life relationships, a flirtation begins to build between the two.

The easygoing, life-embracing Sutter is so much fun to hang out with?tooling around town with a friend sipping from a huge plastic to-go cup labeled ?Thirst Master,? he deems everything they encounter ?awesome? in a tone that suggests genuine awe?that it takes the audience almost as long as Aimee to notice that not everything in Sutter?s life is all that awesome, and that he regularly spikes the Thirst Master with hard liquor from a pocket flask. Sutter?s mother (Jennifer Jason Leigh), an overworked nurse in a perpetually crabby mood, has refused for years to tell her son his father?s whereabouts. When Sutter finally, with Aimee?s encouragement, tracks his dad down, the three of them spend an afternoon together that makes it painfully clear why the estrangement was a good idea in the first place. (Kyle Chandler, cast against type as the shiftless, alcoholic dad, so precisely embodies a certain kind of self-deluded addict that his anxious patter is difficult to watch.)

Aimee?s slow realization that the boy she?s falling in love with is in no particular hurry to become a man?though he may already have a man-sized drinking problem?is only one of the story threads running through this dense, leisurely paced drama. There?s also Aimee?s attempt to stand up to her needy single mother?never seen onscreen?who?s trying to prevent her daughter from leaving town for college, or possibly going to college at all. And the fraught, quasi-paternal relationship between the underachieving Sutter and his boss at the clothing store where he works (memorably underplayed by the comedian Bob Odenkirk). Even Cassidy, Sutter?s ex-girlfriend, gets a story arc that elevates her into more than just a blond popular-girl stereotype.

Miles Teller and Shailene Woodley have such a disarmingly direct and spontaneous connection as actors that Sutter and Aimee almost immediately come to seem like a couple you?ve known (or been part of) at some point in your life. You find yourself torn between rooting for these two kids and wanting to sit them each down separately for a stern talking-to about cutting bait and moving on. Woodley, a 21-year-old former child actress who made a memorable feature film debut as George Clooney?s older daughter in The Descendants, gives a stunningly mature and complete performance as the still immature and incomplete Aimee. (But even simply costumed in jeans and T-shirts with no makeup, the lanky, pixie-faced Woodley is a shade too gorgeous to be believable as the girl at school nobody notices.) And Teller, a baby-faced 26-year-old whose restless, boyish energy at times recalls a young Tom Hanks, pulls off the neat trick of playing a Ferris Bueller-esque high school slacker in a way that feels urgent and fresh.

A major plot twist just past the movie?s midpoint?of the entire-audience-gasps-out-loud-in-unison variety?takes The Spectacular Now to some pretty dark and downbeat places for a movie of its type. Dark enough, in fact, that the ending, when it comes, may strike some viewers as a bit of a rose-colored cop-out. I?m not sure Ponsoldt (whose earlier? film Smashed also dealt with mutually enabling lovers) fully grapples with the questions the first three-quarters of his film raises: Not only will Aimee and Sutter make it work, but should they? But on the way to that arguably disappointing ending, The Spectacular Now captures the beauty and scariness and lacerating intensity of first love, and for that you forgive it everything.

Source: http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/movies/2013/08/the_spectacular_now_directed_by_james_ponsoldt_reviewed.html

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Decoding material fluxes in the tropical ocean

Decoding material fluxes in the tropical ocean [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 2-Aug-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Dr. Andreas Villwock
avillwock@geomar.de
49-431-600-2802
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)

Turbulent processes provide important contribution to oxygen supply

August 2, 2013 / Kiel. How is vital oxygen supplied to the tropical ocean? For the first time, oceanographers at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel were able to make quantitative statements regarding this question. They showed that about one third of the oxygen supply in these areas is provided by turbulent processes, such as eddies or internal waves. The study, conducted in the framework of the Collaborative Research Center SFB 754 "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean", was just published in the international journal Biogeosciences.

In many areas of the tropical oceans, oxygen is in rather short supply. In the Indian Ocean, the eastern Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of West Africa, at depths of several hundred meters, there are vast areas with very low oxygen levels, so-called oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). These have been the focus of scientists in Kiel for a number of years. Using modern measurement techniques, they were now able to quantify for the first time which of the processes are important for the oxygen supply to these areas, the so-called ventilation. Thus far, oceanographers had assumed that the dissolved oxygen in the ocean would slowly penetrate from the surface layers to greater depths through large-scale processes. Fluctuations in the trade winds driving the ocean currents could thus regulate the oxygen supply directly. However, measurements off the coast of West Africa and south of the Cape Verde islands have now revealed the major importance of turbulent mixing processes. The scientists used high-precision measurements, such as microstructure probes and profiling current meters, for their investigations.

The surveying of a so-called tracer, a chemically inert substance discharged into the ocean, confirmed the results of the direct turbulence measurements. The horizontal and vertical spreading of the tracer was determined by chemical analysis with a high degree of accuracy over a period of three years.

Both measurement methods showed that about one third of the oxygen supply in the tropical oxygen minimum zones is provided by the vertical turbulent mixing. "The relatively high contribution of turbulence to the oxygen budget has surprised us," says Prof. Dr. Martin Visbeck, one of the initiators of the experiment. "Also, thanks to the improved measurement methods and accuracies, we were breaking new ground here," Visbeck continued. First author Dr. Tim Fischer, who - as part of his doctorate was able to significantly improve the parameters settings and evaluation of ship-based current profile measurements to determine the turbulence in the ocean from a moving ship, adds: "Thus, in comparison to the time-consuming microstructure probe measurements, we are able to collect much more data." Co-author Dr. Donata Banyte from GEOMAR, who as part of her dissertation - has worked for more than three years with the data from the tracer experiment, adds: "I am delighted to have discovered something really new and important in physical oceanography".

"Since any expansion of oxygen deficient areas can have negative effects on the marine ecosystem, it is important to identify the relevant processes thereof. The results will help us to better understand the dynamics and changes in the oxygen minimum zones in the oceans," says Prof. Visbeck.

###

Background information

The dynamics of oxygen minimum zones is the central theme of the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 745 "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean", which is funded by the German Research Foundation at the Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel and at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.

Oxygen minimum zones, i.e. zones where oxygen is scarce or even completely missing, are present in all tropical oceans. Measurements of recent years, however, indicate that these zones are expanding. One of the consequences is that the habitat of certain fish species is shrinking. But are these changes part of a natural variation or are they a result of human-induced global change? And how far will these low-oxygen zones spread? These and other questions are investigated by the researchers who are participating in SFB 754.

In addition, the scientists at the Kiel Cluster of Excellence "The Future Ocean", also explore the changes in the oceans of the past, present and future with a globally unique approach: Marine, geo and economic scientists, physicians, mathematicians, computer scientists, lawyers as well as corporate and social scientists combine their expertise in eleven multidisciplinary research groups. Their findings contribute significantly to concepts in sustainable use and activity options for a global management of the oceans The new research program is thus aimed at an increased integration of knowledge. The goal is that a basic understanding of the ocean should lead to scientifically sound predictions and scenarios - in a close dialogue with decision-makers - to contribute to a sustainable management of the oceans.

The original publication:

Fischer, T., D. Banyte, P. Brandt, M. Dengler, G. Krahmann, T. Tanhua, and M. Visbeck, 2013: Diapycnal oxygen supply to the tropical North Atlantic oxygen minimum zone. Biogeosciences, 10, 5079-5093, doi:10.5194/bg-10-5079-2013

Links:

GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel

Collaborative Research Centre754

Cluster of Excellence "The Future Ocean"

Contact:

Prof. Dr. Martin Visbeck
Phone: +49-431-600-4100
mvisbeck@geomar.de

Dr. Andreas Villwock (GEOMAR, Communication & Media)
Phone: +49-431 600 2802
avillwock@geomar.de


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Decoding material fluxes in the tropical ocean [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 2-Aug-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Dr. Andreas Villwock
avillwock@geomar.de
49-431-600-2802
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)

Turbulent processes provide important contribution to oxygen supply

August 2, 2013 / Kiel. How is vital oxygen supplied to the tropical ocean? For the first time, oceanographers at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel were able to make quantitative statements regarding this question. They showed that about one third of the oxygen supply in these areas is provided by turbulent processes, such as eddies or internal waves. The study, conducted in the framework of the Collaborative Research Center SFB 754 "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean", was just published in the international journal Biogeosciences.

In many areas of the tropical oceans, oxygen is in rather short supply. In the Indian Ocean, the eastern Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of West Africa, at depths of several hundred meters, there are vast areas with very low oxygen levels, so-called oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). These have been the focus of scientists in Kiel for a number of years. Using modern measurement techniques, they were now able to quantify for the first time which of the processes are important for the oxygen supply to these areas, the so-called ventilation. Thus far, oceanographers had assumed that the dissolved oxygen in the ocean would slowly penetrate from the surface layers to greater depths through large-scale processes. Fluctuations in the trade winds driving the ocean currents could thus regulate the oxygen supply directly. However, measurements off the coast of West Africa and south of the Cape Verde islands have now revealed the major importance of turbulent mixing processes. The scientists used high-precision measurements, such as microstructure probes and profiling current meters, for their investigations.

The surveying of a so-called tracer, a chemically inert substance discharged into the ocean, confirmed the results of the direct turbulence measurements. The horizontal and vertical spreading of the tracer was determined by chemical analysis with a high degree of accuracy over a period of three years.

Both measurement methods showed that about one third of the oxygen supply in the tropical oxygen minimum zones is provided by the vertical turbulent mixing. "The relatively high contribution of turbulence to the oxygen budget has surprised us," says Prof. Dr. Martin Visbeck, one of the initiators of the experiment. "Also, thanks to the improved measurement methods and accuracies, we were breaking new ground here," Visbeck continued. First author Dr. Tim Fischer, who - as part of his doctorate was able to significantly improve the parameters settings and evaluation of ship-based current profile measurements to determine the turbulence in the ocean from a moving ship, adds: "Thus, in comparison to the time-consuming microstructure probe measurements, we are able to collect much more data." Co-author Dr. Donata Banyte from GEOMAR, who as part of her dissertation - has worked for more than three years with the data from the tracer experiment, adds: "I am delighted to have discovered something really new and important in physical oceanography".

"Since any expansion of oxygen deficient areas can have negative effects on the marine ecosystem, it is important to identify the relevant processes thereof. The results will help us to better understand the dynamics and changes in the oxygen minimum zones in the oceans," says Prof. Visbeck.

###

Background information

The dynamics of oxygen minimum zones is the central theme of the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 745 "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean", which is funded by the German Research Foundation at the Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel and at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.

Oxygen minimum zones, i.e. zones where oxygen is scarce or even completely missing, are present in all tropical oceans. Measurements of recent years, however, indicate that these zones are expanding. One of the consequences is that the habitat of certain fish species is shrinking. But are these changes part of a natural variation or are they a result of human-induced global change? And how far will these low-oxygen zones spread? These and other questions are investigated by the researchers who are participating in SFB 754.

In addition, the scientists at the Kiel Cluster of Excellence "The Future Ocean", also explore the changes in the oceans of the past, present and future with a globally unique approach: Marine, geo and economic scientists, physicians, mathematicians, computer scientists, lawyers as well as corporate and social scientists combine their expertise in eleven multidisciplinary research groups. Their findings contribute significantly to concepts in sustainable use and activity options for a global management of the oceans The new research program is thus aimed at an increased integration of knowledge. The goal is that a basic understanding of the ocean should lead to scientifically sound predictions and scenarios - in a close dialogue with decision-makers - to contribute to a sustainable management of the oceans.

The original publication:

Fischer, T., D. Banyte, P. Brandt, M. Dengler, G. Krahmann, T. Tanhua, and M. Visbeck, 2013: Diapycnal oxygen supply to the tropical North Atlantic oxygen minimum zone. Biogeosciences, 10, 5079-5093, doi:10.5194/bg-10-5079-2013

Links:

GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel

Collaborative Research Centre754

Cluster of Excellence "The Future Ocean"

Contact:

Prof. Dr. Martin Visbeck
Phone: +49-431-600-4100
mvisbeck@geomar.de

Dr. Andreas Villwock (GEOMAR, Communication & Media)
Phone: +49-431 600 2802
avillwock@geomar.de


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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-08/hcfo-dmf080213.php

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